Some patients may present a spontaneous resolution of the infection, and there is also an immunoreactive form, in which an exacerbated immune response against the fungus may occur. Systemic sporotrichosis is the least frequent of all, and it is mainly associated with individuals with immunosuppression factors such as AIDS, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and lymphoma, or individuals under immunosuppressive treatment. Ocular sporotrichosis is the most common form among the mucous membrane infections, causing conjunctivitis, episcleritis, uveitis, choroiditis, and retrobulbar lesions. When there is no dissemination, the form is known as fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis. Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis is the most common form, which predominantly affects the upper extremities (forearm and hands) and the facial region.
#Nota roja nay skin
However, there are other classification approaches based on the clinical characteristics of the infection, and they are divided as follows: skin (lymphocutaneous, fixed cutaneous, and multiple inoculations), mucous membrane (ocular, nasal, and others), systemic (osteoarticular, disseminated cutaneous, pulmonary, neurological, and other locations/sepsis), and immunoreactive (erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, Sweet syndrome, and reactive arthritis). Sporotrichosis can be classified as cutaneous (which is the most common form) or extracutaneous. Years ago, it has been shown that sporotrichosis can evolve as a severe disseminated disease with visceral and osteoarticular involvement, particularly in individuals with AIDS, individuals receiving immunosuppressive treatments, and other causes of immunodeficiencies, such as diabetes and chronic alcoholism. This mycosis is also widely prevalent in endothermic animals, such as cats, occasionally dogs, armadillos, rats, birds, and parrots, which are a source of zoonotic transmission. Rarely can it be acquired by inhalation of spores and produce a primary lung infection.
Because plant thorns or bushes are often the source of the infection, the disease is commonly known as the “rosebush mycosis” or the “gardener’s mycosis”. Sporotrichosis is usually acquired through traumatic inoculation with fomites (spines, debris), contaminated soil, and animal scratches. The transmission pathways are associated with organic matter, animal excreta, or also zoonosis. The disease is characterized by nodular lesions in the skin and in the subcutaneous tissue, that subsequently ulcerate, mainly affecting the lymphocutaneous system, but rarely other organs. Sporotrichosis is an infection caused by the thermodimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix.
Despite the significance of this mycosis in Mexico, public information about sporotrichosis is scarce, and it is not considered reportable according to Mexico’s epidemiological national system, the “Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica.” Due to the lack of data in Mexico regarding the epidemiology of this disease, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico, between 19, that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis. The treatment of choice depends mainly on the clinical form of the disease, the host’s immunological status, and the species of Sporothrix involved. In Mexico, the laboratory diagnosis of sporotrichosis is mainly carried out using conventional methods, but in recent years, several researchers have used molecular methods to identify the Sporothrix species. The results show that the most common clinical presentation of sporotrichosis in Mexico is the lymphocutaneous form, with a higher incidence in the 0–15 age range, mainly in males, and for which trauma with plants is the most frequent source of infection. In this article, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis. New clinical species have been identified and classified through molecular tools, and they now include Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, and Sporothrix luriei.
Today, much is known of its epidemiology and distribution, and its taxonomy has undergone revisions. This mycosis has become a relevant fungal infection in the last two decades. Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the species of the Sporothrix genus, and it is considered one of the most frequent subcutaneous mycoses in Mexico.
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